Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• electrode and the reference electrode, respectively. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) data was recorded from 1.1 to 2.0 V vs RHE with a 10 mV/s scan rate. The charge transfer resistance (Rct) was determined based on EIS measurements. The spectra were obtained in the frequency range from 10 kHz to 0.1 Hz at

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• electrode in the form of an electrical signal. The potential of the working electrode is a function of the analyte concentration in the solution. Amperometric sensors use a potential applied between a working and a reference electrode to produce the reduction or oxidation of an electroactive species and

• then measure the resulting current [61]. In voltammetric sensors that typically have two or three electrodes (the working electrode, the counter electrode, and the reference electrode), the current is measured as a function of the applied voltage at the working electrode. Currently, cyclic voltammetry

• conductometric sensors at various frequencies. In potentiometric sensors, a local equilibrium is created at the sensor–analyte interface, and when no current is present, the composition or concentration of the analyte is determined from the potential difference (voltage) between the working and the reference

Evaluation of electrosynthesized reduced graphene oxide–Ni/Fe/Co-based (oxy)hydroxide catalysts towards the oxygen evolution reaction

• Karolina Cysewska,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Marcin Zając,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 420–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.34

• working electrode was coated or bare nickel foam with an exposed area of 0.25 cm2, while the reference electrode was a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) (Gaskatel). The electrochemical cell was purged with argon for 20 min before each experiment. The measurements were performed in an aqueous solution of

Utilizing the surface potential of a solid electrolyte region as the potential reference in Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Nobuyuki Ishida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1558–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.129

• the electrolyte region, is consistent with the changes in the electrode potential measured using a voltmeter relative to a reference electrode. These results demonstrate that the surface potential in the electrolyte region can be utilized as a stable potential reference when analyzing KPFM data

• . Keywords: electrochemistry; Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM); reference electrode; solid electrolyte; Introduction Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is a scanning probe technique for imaging surface potentials on the nanometer scale [1][2][3][4]. Its operating principle is based on detecting the

• that occur at the electrode only from the CPD measured relative to ground [8][9]. To address this issue, conventional electrochemical measurements use a stable reference electrode as a third electrode to precisely measure the changes in the potential difference across the electrode–electrolyte

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• electrodes were a Pt counter electrode, a Ag/AgCl 3 M reference electrode, and a MoS2/TNAs or g-C3N4/TNAs working electrode in a 1 M Na2SO4 (pH 7.4) electrolyte solution. The light source used in this study was a 150 W Xe lamp (ABET Instruments) with a calibrated luminous intensity of 100 mW·cm−2 and a UV

Non-stoichiometric magnetite as catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol – a new approach in water treatment

• Joanna Kisała,
• Anna Tomaszewska and
• Przemysław Kolek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1531–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.126

• 1 × 10−4 to 1 × 10−2 mol·L−1 were used to quantify PhOH and DBMP. The concentration of dissolved bromide ions was determined potentiometrically with a bromide ion-selective electrode (EBr-01, Hydromet, Poland) with a silver chloride electrode (RL-100, Hydromet, Poland) as a reference electrode and a

Rapid and sensitive detection of box turtles using an electrochemical DNA biosensor based on a gold/graphene nanocomposite

• Abu Hashem,
• M. A. Motalib Hossain,
• Ab Rahman Marlinda,
• Mohammad Al Mamun,
• Khanom Simarani and
• Mohd Rafie Johan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1458–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.120

• analysed with a Metrohm autolab potentiostat/galvanostat utilising the NOVA 2.1.4 software. The modified SPCE was electrochemically characterised using CV, DPV, and EIS at a scan rate of 100 mV/s vs Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode in the potential range of −0.1 to 0.6 V. A solution of 2 mM potassium

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• potential of −0.9 V for 900 s using an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The buffer and pH values of the electrolytes were optimized to fabricate electrochemically reduced GO (ERGO) modified GCE designated as ERGO/GCE. Cyclic voltammogram (CV) measurements to assess the electrochemical behavior of parathion were

• Technologies, USA), which was connected by a three-electrode system, including a modified and/or unmodified GCE as the working electrode, a saturated Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode (RE), and a platinum wire as the counter electrode (CE). The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study of the

Influence of thickness and morphology of MoS₂ on the performance of counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

• Lam Thuy Thi Mai,
• Hai Viet Le,
• Ngan Kim Thi Nguyen,
• Van La Tran Pham,
• Thu Anh Thi Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thanh Le Huynh and
• Hoang Thai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 528–537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.44

• (Eco chemie, Netherlands) connected to a three-electrode cell. Accordingly, a Pt mesh, an Ag/AgCl (ALS, Japan), and the FTO plate (1.5 × 1.5 cm) were used as the counter electrode (CE), the reference electrode (RE), and the working electrode (WE), respectively. Prior to CV electrodeposition, the FTO

A non-enzymatic electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensor based on copper oxide nanostructures

• Irena Mihailova,
• Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
• Marina Krasovska,
• Eriks Sledevskis,
• Valdis Mizers,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Andrejs Ogurcovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 424–436, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.35

• -electrode cell was used, using oxide-coated copper wire as a working electrode, 0.4 mm diameter Ag/AgCl wire as a reference electrode, and a 6 × 6 mm PCB electrode with ENIG surface finish as a counter electrode. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was carried out in the range from −0.8 to 0.1 V vs Ag/AgCl, with Ustart

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• the electrode of 3 cm2 using 6 M KOH electrolyte (KOH: 85%, VWR, France; deionised water: 0.055 μS·cm−1, Purelab flex, Elga Veolia, United Kingdom). The reference electrode was a mercury/mercury oxide electrode (MMO; ALS, Japan) and the counter electrode was a platinum wire. Cells were assembled and

Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth

• Elena O. Gordeeva,
• Ilya V. Roslyakov,
• Alexey P. Leontiev,
• Alexey A. Klimenko and
• Kirill S. Napolskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72

• served as counter electrode. A saturated (KCl) Ag/AgCl electrode was used as a reference electrode (EAg/AgCl − ESHE = 0.197 V). All potentials hereinafter are given versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The length of the segments was controlled coulometrically. The Cu segments were electrodeposited using

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• surface coating with nanoparticles through electrodeposition. A general electrodeposition setup consists of three electrodes, that is cathode, anode, and a reference electrode [78]. The solvation property and the conductivity of DESs also play a critical role in determining the physical structure, yield

Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

• Kirill O. Paperzh,
• Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
• Vadim A. Volochaev,
• Ilya V. Pankov,
• Olga A. Safronenko and
• Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

• ) (Pine Research Instruments, USA). A saturated silver chloride electrode was used as a reference electrode. The potentials were given with regard to a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). A thin, porous catalyst layer was applied to the electrode using the so-called "catalytic ink". To obtain a

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• ground and taken as the reference electrode. The direction of the induced electric field can be reversely changed during the approximation or separation between the bottom electrode and the upper dielectric materials. The charge exchange will occur between the bottom electrode and ground to balance the

• one electrode to the other, electrostatic charges will be induced on the two electrodes in sequence. Similar to the SE mode, if one takes one electrode as the reference electrode, the induced charges will flow from the reference electrode to the other electrode through the external load. Thus, the

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• semiconductor metal oxide, here ZnO, is processed chemically or physically as an electrode. This is rather complicated and it is important which method is used to test the electrical properties. The common method is the three-point method in which the material is tested with a counter and a reference electrode

Atomic layer deposited films of Al₂O₃ on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

• Hana Krýsová,
• Michael Neumann-Spallart,
• Hana Tarábková,
• Pavel Janda,
• Ladislav Kavan and
• Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

• studies, Al2O3 films on FTO were exposed, at various time intervals and at room temperature, to 1 M NaOH, 1 M H2SO4, and buffered solution (pH 7.2). Electrochemical experiments were carried out in a single-compartment three-electrode cell using a Zahner workstation. The reference electrode was Ag/AgCl (3

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• presented synthesis method). A Pt wire was used as the counter electrode, and Hg/HgSO4 (sat. K2SO4) from Radiometer Analytical with an electrode potential of 680 mV vs NHE (measured by us) was used as the reference electrode. The ECSA was calculated based on the Hads peaks and a hydrogen monolayer

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• standard three-electrode cell at room temperature. A graphite rod was used as the counter electrode, Hg/HgO was used as the reference electrode, and a 6.0 M KOH aqueous solution was used as the electrolyte solution. The electrochemical performance of the CCGNFs was investigated using an electrochemical

Role of redox-active axial ligands of metal porphyrins adsorbed at solid–liquid interfaces in a liquid-STM setup

• Thomas Habets,
• Sylvia Speller and
• Johannes A. A. W. Elemans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1264–1271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.110

• of these complications may be eliminated by adding a third, reference electrode to the setup and by using a conducting electrolyte (so that it turns into a so-called electrochemical (EC) STM [20][21]). At the same time, the absence of an electrolyte, which typically contains a high concentration of

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• Lithium) and a Li reference electrode. The cells were then filled with 120 µL of electrolyte (1 M LiPF6 in EC/EMC = 3:7 (v/v), <20 ppm H2O, BASF, Germany). All electrochemical tests were carried out in a climatic chamber (Binder, Germany) at 25 °C using a battery cycler (Series 400, Maccor, USA). After

• potential was controlled vs a Li reference electrode. Afterwards, the cells were cycled for 20 times with a rate of 1C (355 mA g−1). The Na-ion capacity of the hard carbon samples was also investigated in a three-electrode Swagelok T-cell using sodium metal (99.95%, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) as counter and

Electrochemical nanostructuring of (111) oriented GaAs crystals: from porous structures to nanowires

• Elena I. Monaico,
• Eduard V. Monaico,
• Veaceslav V. Ursaki,
• Shashank Honnali,
• Vitalie Postolache,
• Karin Leistner,
• Kornelius Nielsch and
• Ion M. Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 966–975, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.81

• reference electrode and the sample as working electrode. The anodization was performed in galvanostatic as well as potentiostatic regimes at room temperature (T = 23 °C). Analysis of morphology and chemical composition of the anodized GaAs crystals was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (Zeiss

Atomic layer deposition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at Pt/Ir catalyst layers

• Stefanie Schlicht,
• Korcan Percin,
• Stefanie Kriescher,
• André Hofer,
• Claudia Weidlich,
• Matthias Wessling and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 952–959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.79

• composition and pH value, temperature, or reference electrode), or even the choice of performance parameters (current density at a given overpotential, mass activity based on noble-metal loading, or overpotential for a given current), are usually different. Hence, often direct comparisons between catalysts of

• triplicate and mean values are reported. Electrochemical setup For electrochemical investigations, a standard three-electrode setup was used. The cell was filled with 100 mL of 0.5 M H2SO4 (AVS TITRINORM®, VWR) as the electrolyte. A Hg/Hg2SO4 reference electrode filled with 0.5 M H2SO4 (Sensortechnik

• Meinsberg) mounted in a Haber–Luggin capillary or a Ag/AgCl reference electrode was used. A platinum (coated titanium mesh) electrode was used as the counter electrode (Magneto Special Anodes B.V., The Netherlands). The working electrodes consist of the prepared catalyst-coated titanium electrodes

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• Autolab working station from Metrohm, Switzerland. Typically, a Ag/AgCl electrode (with saturated KCl solution) was used as a reference electrode, a carbon rod was used as a counter electrode, and a glassy-carbon rotating disk electrode (RDE, diameter: 5 mm, area: 0.196 cm2) was used as the working

Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• (SCE) as reference electrode were used for the electrochemical testing of the exfoliated MoO3 dispersions and its composites. In brief, the GCE was cleaned with a polishing cloth using fine alumina abrasive powders and washed thoroughly in deionized water. The required amount of the dispersion of known